DIRECT DAN INDIRECT SPEECH

Rumus Direct Indirect Speech dan Contoh Kalimatnya

Materi Pengertian dan Perubahan Direct Indirect Speech atau yang dikenal juga dengan istilah reported speech, sebenarnya materi awal yang saya lupa untuk menjelaskannya. Oleh karena itu pada kesempatan ini saya akan menjelaskan materi tentang apa itu Pengertian dan perubahan Direct Indirect Speech.

A. Pengertian Direct Indirect Speech

Direct speech adalah suatu kalimat yang diucapkan secara langsung oleh pembicara yang dalam penulisannya disertai dengan tanda aphostrof di awal dan akhir kalimatnya sebagaimana teks dialog atau percakapan. Contoh: 

Andi bilang kepada saya
: “kamu adalah orang yang sangat aku cintai”Andi says to me: “you are the one I love very much”

Sedangkan Indirect speech adalah suatu kalimat yang menggambarkan perkataan orang lain atau dirinya sendiri secara tidak langsung (tidak persis seperti yang dikatakan pada saat diucapkan). Seperti jika kita merubah contoh kalimat di atas maka indirect speechnya menjadi: 

Andi bilang kepada saya
 bahwa saya adalah orang yang sangat ia cintai.Andi says to me that I am the one he love so much

Baik kalimat direct maupun indirect speech terdiri dari dua unsur yakni induk kalimat dan anak kalimat. Induk kalimat (introduce phrase) adalah seperti yang berwarna merah, sedangkan anak kalimat (reported words) adalah yang berwarna biru.

B. Aturan Perubahan Direct Indirect Speech

Siswa sering kali dibingungkan dengan perubahan kalimat dari direct speech ke indirect speech dalam hal perubahan tenses, subjek objek serta tempat dan waktu. Berikut aturan perubahannya:

1. Tenses.

Perubahan tenses di bawah ini terjadi jika Induk kalimatnya berupa bentuk Past tense, sedang jika induk kalimatnya dalam bentuk present tense seperti contoh di atas, maka tidak ada perubahan.

No	DIRECT	INDIRECT
1	Simple Present	Simple past
2	Present Continuous	Past Continuous
3	Present Perfect	Past Perfect
4	Present Perfect Continous	Past Perfect Continous
5	Simple Past	Past Perfect
6	Past continuous	Past continuous
7	Past perfect	Past perfect
8	Past perfect continuous	Past perfect continuous
9	Simple Future	Past Future
10	Future Continuous	Past future continuous
11	Future Perfect	Past Future Perfect
12	Future Perfect Continuous	Past Future Perfect Continuous

Perubahan tenses di atas sebenarnya mencakup 16 tenses, namun karena terlalu panjang saya sarankan untuk membaca rumus praktis perubahan tenses direct indirect speech.

2. Keterangan waktu dan tempat

No	DIRECT	INDIRECT
1	Now	Then
2	Tomorrow	The following day
3	Yesterday	The day before
4	Next week	The following week
5	Tonight/Today	That night/That day
6	Here	There
7	This	That
8	These	Those

3. Berdasar bentuk Kalimat

Bentuk dasar kalimat juga berpengaruh pada perubahan kalimat dari direct ke indirect speech. Bentuk dasar kalimat yang dimaksud adalah:

1.       Statement (pernyataan)

Dalam Indirect Statement kita menggunakan kata 
“that”(bahwa) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar/induk kalimat (introduce phrase) dan kata-kata yang dilaporkan/anak kalimat (reported words). Kata yang biasa digunakan bukan hanya told dan said saja, melainkan bisa juga menggunakan:accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, begged, boasted, complained, denied, explained, implied, invited, offered, ordered, promised, replied, suggested.

2.       Command (perintah)

Perintah berarti menyuruh untuk melakukan atau tidak melakukan (melarang) dengan kata jangan (don’t). Menyuruh untuk melakukan berarti bersifat positif, sedangkan melarang bersifat negatif (menggunakan don’t).

a.       Positif
Dalam perintah positif kita tambahkan to di depan kalimat perintahnya, sebagai penghubung antara induk kalimat dan anak kalimat yang berupa kalimat perintah.
Contoh:

§  He asked me: “Open your book”
He asked me to open my book.

§  Garet aksed me: “stop talking to Janet”.
Gareth asked me to stop talking to Janet.

b.      Negatif
Dalam  perintah negatif kita tambahkan not  to di depan perintah yang dilaporkan.
Contoh:

§  Mary told John: “Don’t wait for me’
Mary told John 

not to wait for her.

§  Father said to my sister: “don’t go alone in the middle of the night.
Father asked to my sister 

not to go alone in the middle of the night.

3.       Question (pertanyaan)

Kalimat pertanyaan dibagi menjadi dua kategori:

 .         Pertanyaan yang menggunakan kata tanya (what, where, when, who, why, how), maka kata tanya tersebulah yang menjadi penghubung antara induk dan induk kalimat.
Contoh:

§  He asked me : “How will you go there ?”
He asked me how I would go there

a.       Pertanyaan yang tidak menggunakan kata tanya dan jawabannya berupa yes atau no.
Contoh:

§  The teacher asked her : “Have you finish your homework ?”
The teacher asked her if he had finished her homework.

Catatan:

·         Kita boleh menggunakan present tense atau past tense jika kebenarannya masih terjadi hingga saat ini. Contoh: 
“My name is Lynne”, she said. Indirectnya boleh: She said her name was Lynne. boleh juga: She said her name is Lynne.

 Beberapa contoh kalimat Direct dan indirect dalam bentuk statement, Example:

1.        “I don’t hear your voice,” toni told me

A.     Toni told me that he didn’t hear my voice

B.      Toni told me that he don’t hear my voice

C.       Toni told me that he hear my voice

Penjelasan:

             Perubahan dari simple present – simple past “Don’t – Didn’t”

2.       Zaki says,”i am astudent”

A.      Zaki says that he is student

B.     Zaki says  that he was student

C.       Zaki says that i am student

Penjelasan:

             Simple Present – Simple past,”

3.       She will tell me,”i am ready to come with you”

A.     She will tell me that she is ready to come with me

B.      She will tell me that she is ready to came with me

C.       She will tell me that she is ready to come with you

Penjelasan:

             Perubahan kata ganti “i” menjadi “She”, Simple Present

4.       “i Have been working here for 3 years”, he said

A.     He said that he had been working here for 3 years

B.     He said that he have been working here for 3 years

C.      He said that i had been working here for 3 years

Penjelasan:

             Present perfect continuous – Past perfect continuous,”Have Been – Had Been”

5.       He told me,”i would go there if i were you”

A.      He told me that he will go there if i were you

B.      He told me that he would go there if i were you

C.       He told me that i would have gone there if i had been you

Penjelasan:

             Past future – simple future,”would – will”

6.       Dani said,”Riyan bought a new car yesterday”

A.      Dani said that Riyan bought a new car yesterday

B.     Dani said that Riyan bring a new car yesterday

C.      Dani said that Riyan had bought a new car the day before

Penjelasan:

                Perubahan adverb direct pada report speech,”yesterday – the day before”

7.       Dani said, ”the forest is a lungs of the World”

A.     Dani said that the forest is a lungs of the world

B.      Dani said that the forest of the lungs the world

C.       Dani said that the forest is not a lungs of the world

Penjelasan:

             Perubahan tidak terjadi karena kalimat berupa general truth

8.       “ I had been arrive in Soekarno - Hatta Airport”, I said to Riyan

A.      I  said to riyan that he was arrived at Soekarno – Hatta Airport

B.      I  said to riyan that i am arrive at Soekarno – Hatta Airport

C.      I  said to riyan that i have been arrive in Soekarno – Hatta Airport

Penjelasan:

             Past perfect – present perfect, “had been – have been

9.       Arie called and left a message

A.      He told me that arie call and left a message

B.     He told me that Arie had called and had left me a message

C.       He told me that Arie have called and have left me a message

Penjelasan:

             Pada report speech terjadi perubahan kalimat dengan tambahan “Had”, karena past conversation tenses berupa past perfect

10.   He said he would give me a hand

A.     I will give you a hand

B.      I would gave you a hand

C.       You will give me a hand

Penjelasan:

             Past future – Present future, “Would – Will”

11.   I don't want to go

A.      I said I want to go

B.      I said I am going to

C.      I said I didn't want to go

Penjelasan:

             Simple present – Simple past, ”Don’t – Didn’t”

12.   Sanji said to Rani,”i will be waiting you

A.     Sanji said to Rani that he would be waiting she

B.      Sanji said to Rani that i would be waiting she

C.       Sanji said to Rani that he will be waiting Rani

Penjelasan:

             Future Perfect Continouos - Past Future Perfect Continuous,”Wil – Would”

13.   It’s going to rain

A.      I said that it’s will to rain

B.      I said that it’s going to rain

C.      I said that it was going to rain

Penjelasan:

             Simple future continuous – past future continuous,”it’s going – it was going”

14.   I have cooking up some resson

A.     He said that he was cooking up some resson

B.      He said that he have cooking up some resson

C.       He said that i have cooking up some resson

Penjelasan:

             Perfect Continouos  – Past Perfect Continouos,”Have – Was”

15.   I have been walking around last night

A.      I said that he had been walking around last night

B.      I said that i have been walking around last night

C.      I said that he had been walking around the night before

Penjelasan:

             Past Perfect Continouos, terjadinya perubahan keterangan waktu (adverb), ”Last Night – The Night Before

16.   Agus  said to me,”don’t stay up at night to day”

A.      Agus said to me that you don’t stay up at night to day

B.      Agus said to me that did’nt stay up at night to day

C.      Agus said to me that not to stay up at night that day

Penjelasan:

             Terjadinya perubahan kata keterangan waktu “To day – That day”, jenis kalimat simple present

17.   “I hear it in my nightmares”

A.     He said that he was heard it in him nightmares

B.      He said that he hear it in him nightmares

C.       He said that i hear it in my nighmares

Penjelasan:

             Simple present – past present, “Hear – was heard”

18.   I’m Saying, “we could bring in a few pounds”

A.      i’m saying that we could bring in a few pounds

B.     i’m said that we can bring in a few pounds

C.       im saying we could’nt bring in a few pounds

Penjelasan:

             Past present Continuous – simple present, “Could – can”

19.   “I can't remember the name of the street”

A.     He said that he could’nt remember the name of the street

B.      He said that I can't remember the name of the street

C.       He said that you can remember the name of the street

Penjelasan:

             Simple Present – past present,”Can’t – Could’nt”

20.   I'm handling the administration

A.      I said i’m handling the administrartion

B.     He said he was handling the administration

C.       He said that he handling the administration

Penjelasan:

             Simple present continuous – past present continuous,”am Handling – Was Handling”

Demikianlah penjelasan mengenai Rumus Direct Indirect Speech dan Contoh Kalimatnya. Semoga membantu dan jika menurut kamu tulisan ini bermanfaat, mohon sharenya melalui tombol Like atau dengan meninggalkan komentar di bawah ini. Terima Kasih.